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Meanwhile in Europe

In the 19th Century

European advocates of hygienic principles played a crucial role in promoting public health and sanitation across the continent. Influential figures emphasized the importance of cleanliness, proper nutrition, and disease prevention. Their collective efforts laid the foundation for modern public health initiatives and continued to shape our understanding of hygiene and its impact on society.

Featured are Dr. Christoph Hufeland, Dr. Johann Schroth, Vincenz Prießnitzv (Priessnitz), Rev. Fr Sebastian Kneipp, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Winternitz, Dr. Heinrich Lahman, Dr. Gustav Riedlin, Arnold Ehret, Dr. Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner, Dr. Franz Xaver Mayr, Are Waerland, Dr. Otto Buchinger, Dr. James Thompson, Dr. Stanley Lief, and Dr. Max Otto Bruker.


These practitioners stood out because they prioritized education and guidance. They provided in-depth explanations for the root causes of illnesses stemming from various aspects of a person’s life. They offered invaluable advice on achieving a healthier lifestyle. They firmly believed that genuine, long-lasting health can only be attained through understanding and making essential lifestyle changes.


Dr. Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich Hufeland
Dr. Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich Hufeland

(1762 – 1836)

Hufeland, a revered physician in early 19th-century Germany, left an enduring legacy in preventive medicine and naturopathic care. His advocacy for the ancient Hippocratic oath – “first do no harm” – continues to inspire and guide modern medical practices.

Hufeland’s influential work brought attention to two crucial issues: disease prevention and the complexities of aging. Rather than solely focusing on curing illnesses, Hufeland advocated for their prevention by adopting a healthy diet and lifestyle. Additionally, he underscored the profound impact of emotional and mental well-being on overall health.

Dr. Johann Schroth
Dr. Johann Schroth

(1798-1856)

Schroth, an Austrian naturopath, was a pioneering advocate of fasting and moist heat therapy. As a contemporary of Vinzenz Priessnitz, he developed a regimen that stood in stark contrast to Priessnitz‘s approach. While Priessnitz recommended a hearty diet rich in meat and milk to fortify the body for cold water treatment, Schroth prescribed a salt and fat-free diet without any meat or milk. Additionally, he recommended prolonged warm, moist packs and, in some cases, warm water bottles and hot baths. Schroth adamantly prohibited the consumption of cold water and firmly advised his patients to prioritize rest and engage in moderate movement.

Vincenz Prießnitzv (Priessnitz) 
Vincenz Prießnitzv (Priessnitz) 

(1799-1851)

In 1816, Vincenz Prießnitz defied a doctor’s grim prognosis after fracturing his ribs in a cart accident. Instead of accepting the fatal or crippling diagnosis, he applied wet bandages to his chest and consumed copious amounts of water, which led to his astounding recovery. This firsthand experience solidified his belief in the transformative power of these methods, earning him widespread recognition. As news spread, people began to visit Gräfenberg to seek treatment, leading Prießnitz to transform his father’s house into a spa for his increasing number of patients in 1822.

Rev. Fr. Sebastian Kneipp
Rev. Fr. Sebastian Kneipp

(1821-1987)

Kneipp’s health path began with a diagnosis of tuberculosis in 1847. As he sought remedies for his illness, he delved into books on water cures.  Carrying out numerous tests on himself and his patients, he developed the Kneipp-Cure.

His approach to health combined a simple diet of whole grains, fruit, and vegetables with limited quantities of meat, exercise, spirituality, and hydrotherapy. During his time in Bad Wörishofen, thousands from around the world came to receive his healing advice. 

Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Winternitz
Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Winternitz

(1835 -1917)

Winternitz, an esteemed emeritus professor of medicine, revolutionized the medical world by establishing hydrotherapy as a crucial treatment. Renowned as “the father of scientific hydrotherapy,” his influential work as a neurologist and hydropathist cemented his status as one of the foremost authorities in the field. Winternitz’s groundbreaking dissertation on Priessnitz’s Wasserkur (Water Cure) as a medical student explored the rational basis of certain hydrotherapy measures. His research involved measuring the pulse rate of Priessnitz’s patients and conducting a physiological test to demonstrate the effectiveness of water cure.

Dr. Heinrich Lahman
Dr. Heinrich Lahman

(1860-1905)

Johann Heinrich Lahmann, a German physician, was a trailblazer in the field of naturopathic medicine. Overcoming his own childhood illness, he dedicated himself to seeking alternative paths to healing. Lahmann found inspiration in the pioneering methods of Vincenz Priessnitz (1799-1851) and Johann Schroth (1798-1856), both trailblazers in the realm of alternative medicine.

After embarking on an intensive study tour of the most influential nature cure establishments, he set out to uncover the common principles underlying these therapies. Armed with a scientifically trained mind, he brought a much-needed sense of order to the previously chaotic field of nature cure, dispelling the speculation that had clouded the reasons for the differing methods.

Dr. Gustav Riedlin
Dr. Gustav Riedlin

(1861-1949)

In the late 19th century, Gustav Riedlin, a general practitioner in Freiburg im Breisgau, became a leading figure in therapeutic fasting. After obtaining his doctorate in 1887, he developed a strong interest in fasting after being inspired by the works of American doctors Edward Hooker Dewey and Henry Samuel Tanner. Riedlin described fasting as an “operation without a knife.” Dr. Riedlin’s influential work alongside Otto Buchinger has significantly shaped the practice of therapeutic fasting in Germany. Riedlin’s emphasis on the concepts of life force and the duality of matter and spirit has led him to establish two distinct fasting levels, catering to both physical and spiritual purposes.

Arnold Ehret
Arnold Ehret

(1866-1922)

Arnold Ehret was a renowned German naturopath and alternative health educator who was celebrated for pioneering the mucusless diet healing system.

After receiving a diagnosis of Bright’s disease (acute or chronic nephritis), which was considered incurable by leading doctors, he sought alternative methods. He visited Rev. Fr. Sebastian Kneipp’s water cure sanatorium in Wörishofen, where he learned holistic philosophies and embraced fasting and a primarily fruit-based diet. To his surprise, this lifestyle change led to an increase in his strength and vitality.

Dr. Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner
Dr. Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner

(1867-1939)

He was an innovative Swiss physician and a trailblazing nutritionist, widely acknowledged for popularizing muesli and being one of the earliest advocates of a raw-food diet. Following his graduation, he embarked on a journey of knowledge, immersing himself in the water-cure methods of Rev. Fr. Sebastian Kneipp in Berlin. He then sought wisdom at Dr. Heinrich Lahmann’s clinic near Dresden, delving into dietetic therapy. To further enrich his understanding, he traveled to Vienna to absorb the enlightening lectures on hydrotherapy delivered by Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Winternitz.

Dr. Franz Xaver Mayr
Dr. Franz Xaver Mayr

(1875 – 1965)

Born on November 28, 1875, in Gröbming, Austria, he was a true visionary in medicine. He had the foresight to understand that the gut is the very core of our immune system, essentially the “root system” of our body, and that proper nutrition and digestion form the foundation of our physical and mental well-being.

During World War I, while serving in a military hospital, Dr. F.X. Mayr made a groundbreaking discovery while treating wounded soldiers. He observed that those who practiced fasting and allowed their intestines to rest experienced remarkable benefits that extended throughout their entire bodies. What’s more, these soldiers showed accelerated healing compared to their peers.

Are Waerland
Are Waerland

(1876-1955)

In 1934, he embarked on his journey as a health philosopher with the groundbreaking book “In the Cauldron of Disease.” His powerful message still resonates today: most diseases stem from unhealthy living habits and can only be overcome by making a radical shift. He advocated for fasting and enemas as essential tools to purge the body of accumulated waste caused by these detrimental habits.

He advocated a lacto-vegetarian diet with raw food and kruska  (grain mix made from whole wheat, oats, barley, and rye). He recommended a fixed daily exercise routine, which he called the “Waerland- System.” 

Dr. Otto Buchinger
Dr. Otto Buchinger

(1878-1966)

Due to chronic illness (tonsillitis that led to rheumatism in his joints), he sought alternative treatments and found success through fasting therapy. Under the supervision of Dr. Gustav Riedlin in Freiburg, he underwent a fasting regimen, which resulted in complete healing after 19 days. This experience drove him to dedicate his life to developing a medically sound fasting therapy method.

Dr. James Thompson
Dr. James Thompson

(1887-1960)

Meet the naturopath who established the prestigious Kingston Clinic in Edinburgh, Scotland. Like many health pioneers, he faced chronic illness early in his life, but he persevered to find solutions and create a legacy of wellness.

In 1909, he embarked on a transformative journey to the United States, driven by a burning desire to explore the pioneering methods that had restored his health. His quest led him to Bernarr MacFadden’s renowned sanatorium and Dr. John Harvey Kellogg’s groundbreaking hydrotherapy center. Continuing his odyssey, he made his way to Chicago, where he witnessed Dr. Henry Lindlahr’s practice of a truly unique form of natural therapy.

Dr. Stanley Lief
Dr. Stanley Lief

(1892- 1962)

Diagnosed with an incurable heart condition and given just five years to live, he refused to accept his fate. A magazine about Nature Cure, osteopathy, and physical culture became his lifeline. He diligently followed the dietary instructions and exercises, transforming himself into a picture of health by the time he was sixteen. His story is a testament to the power of determination and self-care.

Stanley was deeply inspired by Bernarr Macfadden’s magazine “Physical Culture,” which led him to embark on a transformative journey to the US. Enrolling at the Bernarr Macfadden School in America, he delved into the study of naturopathy and osteopathy, igniting a passion for the philosophy and benefits of the Nature Cure within him.

Dr. Max Otto Bruker 
Dr. Max Otto Bruker 

(1909-2001)

Dr. Bruker was not only a devoted physician but also a trailblazer in the field of nutrition. His extensive collection of over 30 books on the causes of disease remains influential today. As a strong proponent of whole-food nutrition, he developed a distinctive approach focused on foods rich in vital nutrients. Bruker drew inspiration from the pioneering work of Swiss doctor Dr. Maximilian Bircher-Benner, highlighting the timeless wisdom of natural health principles.

Bruker argued that many modern diseases originate from a lack of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements, enzymes, unsaturated fatty acids, and fiber. When we consume diets that are excessively high in protein, fat, and carbohydrates, we risk creating imbalances that can lead to serious health issues. Over time, these deficiencies may develop into chronic health conditions, often taking decades to appear.

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