References

Brown, P. S. “Nineteenth-Century American Health Reformers and the Early Nature Cure Movement in Britain.” Medical History, vol. 32, 1988, pp. 174-194, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139856/pdf/medhist00063-0063.pdf. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Callewaert, Jonas S. “Natural Hygiene History.” Www.Scribd.Com, www.scribd.com/document/326696912/natural-hygiene-history. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Gregory, James. The Vegetarian Movement in Britain C.1840-1901, A Study of its Development, Personnel and Wider Connections. 2002. University of Southampton, Doctor of Philosophy. Department of History. Faculty of Arts. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/467032/1/886115_v.1.pdf

“History of Vegetarianism.” Web.Archive.Org, web.archive.org/web/20071230193314/https://vegsoc.org/info/developm.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024. 

Iacobbo, Karen. “Bible-Christians: Plucky Veg-evangelists of the 19th Century.” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), ivu.org/history/usa19/metcalfe.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Iacobbo, Karen. “Jacksonian Veg: Couldn’t Stomach Pork & Whisky.” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), ivu.org/history/usa19/jacksonian.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Iacobbo, Karen. “Johnny Appleseed 1774-1845.” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), ivu.org/history/usa19/appleseed.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Iacobbo, Karen. “Vegetarians in New York, Circa 1853.” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), ivu.org/history/usa19/letter.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Iacobbo, Karen. Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). Vegetarian America: a History. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. https://archive.org/details/vegetarianameric0000iaco_h7h5

Lehmkuhl, Vance. “History of Vegetarianism.” The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/vegetarianism-and-veganism/. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Metcalfe, Joseph. (1866). Memoir of the Rev. William Metcalfe, M.D. Late Minister of the Bible-Christian Church, North Third Street, Above Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. J.L. Capen, No. 25 South Tenth Street., 1866. Out of Print.

• https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/search?searchCode1=GKEY&searchType=2&argType1=any&searchArg1=ocn761167166
• https://books.google.com/books/about/Memoir_of_the_Rev_William_Metcalfe_M_D_L.html?id=ky5PtwAACAAJ

Maintenance Committee. (1922). History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church for the first century of its existence, from 1817 to 1917. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company.

• https://archive.org/details/historyofphilade00phil/page/n7/mode/2up
• http://pagenealogy.net/e-texts/pdf/Phila%20Bible-Christian%20Church.pdf

Maurer, Donna. (2002). Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. https://archive.org/details/vegetarianismmov0000maur/page/22/mode/2up

• This book examines the organizational aspects of vegetarianism and tries to explain why the predominant movement strategies have not successfully attracted more people to adopt a vegetarian identity. 

“Metcalfe, William, Md.” McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia, www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/M/metcalfe-william-md.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

“Rev. William Metcalfe (1788-1862).” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), www.ivu.org/history/usa19/metcalfe.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Shurtleff, William, and Akiko Aoyagi. “History of Vegetarianism and Veganism Worldwide (1430 BCE to 1969.” Www.Soyinfocenter.Com, www.soyinfocenter.com/books/281. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Stahler, Charles. “Cornflake Crusade – A BOOK BY GERALD CARSON, ARNO PRESS, 1976.” Vegetarian Resource Group, www.vrg.org/history/cornflake_crusade.htm. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

“The American Vegetarian Society.” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), ivu.org/history/societies/americanvs.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

Williams, Howard. “The Ethics of Diet – A Catena.” International Vegetarian Union (IVU), ivu.org/history/williams/metcalfe.html. Accessed 8 Jun. 2024.

The NHA wishes to remind the readers that nothing in this or other publications is intended to constitute medical treatment or advice. Readers should be aware that some previous publications do not reflect the NHA’s current health teachings or approach to health in several areas.

Our Mission

The mission of the National Health Association is to educate and empower individuals to understand that health results from healthy living. We recognize the integration of all aspects of health: personal, environmental, and social.

We communicate the benefits of a plant-based diet, exercise and rest, a healthy environment, psychological well-being, and when indicated, the use of fasting.